{"id":105,"date":"2014-04-23T02:00:22","date_gmt":"2014-04-23T02:00:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/library.brown.edu\/beyondcarnival\/?page_id=105"},"modified":"2014-04-23T02:00:22","modified_gmt":"2014-04-23T02:00:22","slug":"early-societal-views-on-homosexuality","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/library.brown.edu\/create\/beyondcarnival\/chapter-1\/early-societal-views-on-homosexuality\/","title":{"rendered":"Early Societal Views on Homosexuality"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bom-Crioulo<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0(English: Bom-Crioulo: The Black Man and the Cabin Boy<\/em>)\u00a0is a novel\u00a0by Adolfo Caminha that addresses\u00a0Brazilian\u00a0conceptions of race and sexuality at the turn of the century. The novel tells\u00a0the story of Amaro, an escaped male slave who falls in love with a blonde, blue-eyed teenage boy. Published in 1895, Bom-Crioulo<\/em>\u00a0is\u00a0the first major Brazilian work on homosexuality, and one of the first to have a black protagonist. Unsurprisingly,\u00a0Camhina’s contemporary critics\u00a0lambasted the novel for presenting a positive depiction of homosexuality. The Portuguese version of the work is\u00a0in the public domain, and readers can download it by clicking the image below.<\/p>\n

\"Bom-Crioulo\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Robert Howes’ introductory essay<\/a>\u00a0to the English translation of\u00a0Bom-Crioulo\u00a0<\/em>can be accessed\u00a0here as well.<\/p>\n

Jo\u00e3o do Rio<\/strong>, born as Paulo Alberto Coelho Barreto, was a well-respected\u00a0literary figure during the Brazilian belle \u00e9poque. A known homosexual, Jo\u00e3o do Rio managed to rise to the heights of Brazilian society and became a member of the exclusive Brazilian Academy of Letters. Despite public jabs at his sexuality by rival writers and newspaper critics, Jo\u00e3o was generally admired by the Brazilian elite. As long as Jo\u00e3o exalted the Brazilian upper classes and their cultural norms, they were willing to overlook his “deviant” sexual behavior.<\/p>\n

Click the following link for the introduction to his Jo\u00e3o do Rio’s\u00a0collection,\u00a0A alma encantadora das ruas<\/a>.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\"A<\/a>

A cartoonist’s rendering of Jo\u00e3o do Rio<\/p><\/div>\n

\"Jo\u00e3o<\/a>

Jo\u00e3o do Rio at the turn of the century<\/p><\/div>\n

Brazilian men<\/strong> began to invert gender roles during Carnival as early as the early 1900s. During Carnival, men take advantage of the socially permitted licentiousness to explore and express their fantasies that transgress rigid gender construct.<\/p>\n

\"A<\/a>

A group of male Carnival-goers in 1924<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bom-Crioulo\u00a0(English: Bom-Crioulo: The Black Man and the Cabin Boy)\u00a0is a novel\u00a0by Adolfo Caminha that addresses\u00a0Brazilian\u00a0conceptions of race and sexuality at the turn of the century. The novel tells\u00a0the story of Amaro, an escaped male slave who falls in love with a blonde, blue-eyed teenage boy. Published in 1895, Bom-Crioulo\u00a0is\u00a0the first major Brazilian work on homosexuality, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":35,"featured_media":0,"parent":48,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-105","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/library.brown.edu\/create\/beyondcarnival\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/105","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/library.brown.edu\/create\/beyondcarnival\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/library.brown.edu\/create\/beyondcarnival\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/library.brown.edu\/create\/beyondcarnival\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/35"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/library.brown.edu\/create\/beyondcarnival\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=105"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/library.brown.edu\/create\/beyondcarnival\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/105\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/library.brown.edu\/create\/beyondcarnival\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/48"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/library.brown.edu\/create\/beyondcarnival\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=105"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}