3. The Restoration (1815-1830)
Although the Restoration was interrupted by Napoleon's 100 days, its name refers to the reinstatement of the Bourbons and Louis XVIII on the throne. The period is characterized by a growth in the French Romantic movement, advancements in agriculture, as well as increasing tensions among Royalist and Revolutionary ideas. While Louis XVIII holds a relatively moderate stance, he is under constant pressure from the Ultraroyalists and his brother, Charles X, to return to the old regime. There is a constant conflict between the powers of the King and the powers of Parliament.
Louis XVIII's health deteriorates as he ages, and Charles X takes over the throne and reigns from 1824-1830. Electoral laws benefiting the wealthy classes continue throughout his reign, civil liberties remain threatened, and the government restricts suffrage. As middle class citizens begin to demand more power in the government, Charles X establishes the July Ordinances which restrict the press and dissolve the cabinet, resulting in street fighting and the July Revolution of 1830, also known as "Les Trois Glorieuses." The Royal troops are forced to flee with Charles X, and Louis-Philippe is declared king of the "July Monarchy" on July 31, 1830.