Mexico developed well-known and influential nationalistic artistic vocabularies. In Mexico, the visual arts—primarily in the realm of painting and monumental sculpture—played an important role in the formation and consolidation of national identity in the early modern period. Artistic movements such as the Mexican Mural School, which flourished under the leadership of Education Minister Juan Vasconcelos and the murals of artists such as Diego Rivera, David Alfaro Siqueiros, and Jose Clemente Orozco from 1920 onward, presented a nationalistic art whose style and content turned away from European influence (at least discursively) in favor of representations of a mestizo nation. In Mexico, these muralists worked within government-sponsored programs and attempted to tell a story of the Mexican people. They constructed a Mexican identity centered on the figures of the pueblo, or the Mexican underclass, which was represented by the figures of the campesino and the urban worker, whose indigenous and mestizo trajectories were valorized. Similar phenomena, although less visible on the international scale, appeared in Brazil and Cuba, among other Latin American countries.