Chapter 11: Brazil
For an excellent overview of Brazilian history, see Thomas E. Skidmore, Brazil: Five Centuries of Change, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009). A useful introduction to contemporary Brazil appears in Marshall Eakin, Brazil: The Once and Future Country (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998). A classic interpretation of Brazil’s economic history is Celso Furtado, The Economic Growth of Brazil (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963), which stops in the early 1950s; the more recent years are covered in Werner Baer, The Brazilian Economy: Growth and Development, 7th ed. (Boulder: Lynne Reiner, 2013), which includes a wealth of data. Albert Fishlow offers an analysis of the Brazilian economy since the return to democracy in Starting Over: Brazil Since 1985 (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2011). Divergent opinions on Brazil’s political economy are presented in Joseph L. Love and Werner Baer, eds., Brazil under Lula: Economy, Politics, and Society under the Worker- President (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009).
On Latin America’s only long-lasting monarchy, see Roderick J. Barman, Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1999). Lilia Moritz Schwarcz offers an alternative reading in The Emperor’s Beard: Dom Pedro II and the Tropical Monarchy of Brazil (New York: Hill and Wang, 2004). An intriguing examination of archival documents about gender and slavery in nineteenth-century Brazil is Sandra Lauderdale Graham, Caetana Says No: Women’s Stories from a Brazilian Slave Society (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2002). A later study, focusing on São Paulo industrial unions, highlights the crucial role of women workers, is Joel Wolfe, Working Women, Working Men: São Paulo and the Rise of Brazil’s Industrial Working Class, 1900–1955 (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1993). For an excellent account of corporatist strategies, see Barbara Weinstein, For Social Peace in Brazil: Industrialists and the Remaking of the Working Class in São Paulo, 1920–1964 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996). The tensions between São Paulo and the national government are documented in James P. Woodard, A Place in Politics: São Paulo, Brazil, from Seigneurial Republicanism to Regionalist Revolt (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2009).
The intricate functioning of the monarchy’s parliamentary system is analyzed in Richard Graham, Patronage and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Brazil, 1850–1914 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1990). A pioneering social history of the army is available in Peter M. Beattie, The Tribute of Blood: Army, Honor, Race, and Nation in Brazil, 1864–1945 (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2001). The tragedy of a government-directed slaughter in the Northeast (immortalized by Euclides da Cunha) is recounted in Robert M. Levine, Vale of Tears: Revisiting the Canudos Massacre in Northeastern Brazil, 1893–1897 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992). In Stringing Together a Nation: Cándido Mariano da Silva Rondon and the Construction of a Modern Brazil, 1906–1930 (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2002), Todd A. Diacon examines the relationship of the ideology of positivism to the government’s expansion into Amazonian territories. For important recent studies of the Northeast, see Stanley E. Blake, The Vigorous Core of our Nationality: Race and Regional Identity in Northeastern Brazil, (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2011) and Thomas D. Rogers, The Deepest Wounds: A Labor and Environmental History of Suar in Northeast Brazil (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010).
Thomas E. Skidmore’s classic account of the mid-twentieth century is Politics in Brazil: An Experiment in Democracy, 1930-64, 2nd. ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007). The military role in the post-1964 authoritarian system is analyzed in Thomas E. Skidmore, The Politics of Military Rule in Brazil, 1964–85 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988). The human cost of the repression is assessed in Joan Dassin, ed., Torture in Brazil: A Report by the Archdiocese of São Paulo (New York: Vintage Books, 1986). For a study of the international campaign against torture in Brazil, see James N. Green, We Cannot Remain Silent: Opposition to the Brazilian Military Dictatorship in the United States (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2010). Jerry Dávila charts Brazilian foreign policy toward Africa in Hotel Trópico: Brazil and the Challenge of African Decolonization, 1950-1980 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2010).
Scholars’ work on social movements since the return to democracy include: Wendy Wolford, The Land is OOUrs Now: Social Mobilization and the Meaning of Land in Brazil (Durham: Duke University Press, 2010); Gianpaolo Baiocchi, Patrick Heller, and Marcelo K. Silva, Bootstrapping Democracy: Transforming Local Governance and Civll Society in Brazil (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011); and Maureen M. Donaghy, Civil Society and Participatory Governance: Municipal Councils and Social Housing Programs in Brazil (New York: Routledge, 2013)
Brazilian women are studied in June E. Hahner, Emancipating the Female Sex: The Struggle for Women’s Rights in Brazil, 1850–1940 (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1990); Susan K. Besse, Restructuring Patriarchy: The Modernization of Gender Inequality in Brazil, 1914-1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996); Sonia Alvarez, Engendering Democracy in Brazil: Women’s Movements in Transition Politics (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990); and Roderick J. Barman, Princess Isabel of Brazil: Gender and Power in the Nineteenth Century (Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 2002). Sueann Caulfield has written an excellent study of gender relations and sexuality, In Defense of Honor: Sexual Morality, Modernity, and Nation in Early Twentieth-Century Brazil (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2000). A detailed social history of same-sex sexuality can be found in James N. Green, Beyond Carnival: Male Homosexuality in Twentieth-Century Brazil (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).
For recent contributions on the history of race and ethnicity in Brazil, see Kim D. Butler, Freedoms Given, Freedoms Won: Afro-Brazilians in Post-Abolition São Paulo and Salvador (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1998); Jeffrey Lesser, Negotiating National Identity: Immigrants, Minorities, and the Struggle for Ethnicity in Brazil (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1999); Jerry Dávila, Diploma of Whiteness: Race and Social Policy in Brazil, 1917–1945 (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2003); and Edward Eric Telles, Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Color in Brazil (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2004). The Brazilian elite’s attempt to reconcile racist science and the reality of their multiracial society is described in Thomas E. Skidmore, Black into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought, rev. ed. (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1993). Paulina L. Alberto offers the vision of Afro-Brazilians response to racism in Terms of Inclusion: Black Intellectuals in Twentieth-century Brazil (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011). Maxine L. Margolis provides a sweeping and comprehensive of the global out-migration of Brazilians in Goodbye, Brazil: Émigrés From the Land of Soccer and Samba (Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 2013).