Chapter 6: The Andes
The best historical overviews of Bolivia are Herbert S. Klein, A Concise History of Bolivia (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), and his Bolivia: The Evolution of a Multi-Ethnic Society, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992). Two comprehensive accounts of the nineteenth-century war that reshaped Bolivia’s borders are Bruce W. Farcau, The Ten Cents War: Chile, Peru, and Bolivia in the War of the Pacific, 1879–1884 (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2000) and William F. Sater, Andean Tragedy: Fighting the War of the Pacific, 1879–1884 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2007).
The rebellious tradition of indigenous Bolivians is analyzed in Laura Gotkowitz, A Revolution for Our Rights: Indigenous Struggles for Land and Justice in Bolivia, 1880–1952 (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2007) and Gary Van Valen, Indigenous Agency in the Amazon: The Mojos in Liberal and Rubber-boom Bolivia, 1842-1932 (Tucson: University of ARizona Press, 2013). The radical links between peasant and labor mobilizations are described in Forrest Hylton, Sinclair Thomson, and Adolfo Gilly, Revolutionary Horizons: Past and Present in Bolivian Politics (London, New York: Verso, 2007); Guillermo Lora and Laurence Whitehead, A History of the Bolivian Labour Movement 1848–1971, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2009); and S. Sándor John, Bolivia’s Radical Tradition: Permanent Revolution in the Andes (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2009). A recent study of Bolivian miners is Robert L. Smale, I Sweat the Flavor of Tin: Labor Activism in Early Twentieth-century Bolivia (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2010). Che Guevara’s revolutionary foray in the Bolivian jungles is recounted in Richard L. Harris, Death of a Revolutionary: Che Guevara’s Last Mission, rev. ed., (New York: Norton, 2000).
Contemporary mobilizations are aptly examined in Brent Z Kaup, Market Justice: Political Economic Struggle in Bolivia (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013) and Jean-Paul Faguet, Decentralization and Popular Democracy: Governance from Below in Bolivia (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2012). The election of the country’s first indigenous president is described in an volume for a wide audience: Martín Sivak, Evo Morales: The Extraordinary Rise of the First Indigenous President of Bolivia (New York: Palrave Macmillan, 2010).
An authoritative introduction to Peruvian history appears in Peter Flindell Klarén, Peru: Society and Nationhood in the Andes (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000). The role of slavery in the Andes is spelled out in Christine Hünefeldt, Paying the Price of Freedom: Family and Labor Among Lima’s Slaves, 1800–1854 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995).
Economic history is covered superbly in Paul Gootenberg, Between Silver and Guano: Commercial Policy and the State in Postindependence Peru (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1989), and in his Imagining Development: Economic Ideas in Peru’s “Fictitious Prosperity” of Guano, 1840–1880 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), as well as in John Sheahan, Searching for a Better Society: The Peruvian Economy from 1950 (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999). An analysis of more recent developments can be found in Carol Wise, Reinventing the State: Economic Strategy and Institutional Change in Peru (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2003) and Ronald Bruce St. John, Toledo’s Peru: Vision and Reality (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 2010). Foreign relations with the United States are described in Cynthia McClintock and Fabian Vallas, The United States and Peru: Cooperation at a Cost (New York: Routledge, 2003).
Another recent and important socioeconomic influence on contemporary Peru has been international drug trafficking. In Andean Cocaine: The Making of a Global Drug (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008), Paul Gootenberg traces cocaine’s history from its origins as a medical commodity in the nineteenth century to its emergence as an illicit good.
Works on gender in Peru include Jelke Boesten, Intersecting Inequalities: Women and Social Policy in Peru, 1990-2000 (University Park: Penn State University Press, 2010) and Christine Ewig, Second-Wave Neoliberalism: Gender, Race, and Health Sector Reform in Peru (University Park: Penn State University Press, 2010).
Struggles of the indigenous peoples of Ecuador are recounted in Erin O’Connor, Gender, Indian, Nation: The Contradictions of Making Ecuador, 1830–1925 (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2007); A. Kim Clark and Marc Becker, Highland Indians and the State in Modern Ecuador (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2007); A. Kim Clark, Gender, State and Medicine in Highland Ecuador: Modernizing Women, Modernizing the State, 1895-1950 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2012); and Allen Gerlach, Indians, Oil, and Politics: A Recent History of Ecuador (Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 2003). Amalia Pallares offers an analysis of recent mobilizations in From Peasant Struggles to Indian Resistance: the Ecuadorian Andes in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2002), as does Marc Becker in Indians and Leftists in the Making of Ecuador’s Modern Indigenous Movements (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2008). Patricia Widener examines the controversies over petroleum extraction in Oil Injustice: Resisting and Conceding a Pipeline in Ecuador (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2011).
How archeological findings are used to create national narratives is considered in O. Hugo Benavides, Making Ecuadorian Histories: Four Centuries of Defining Power (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2004). The impact of foreign investment on the agro-export sector of the economy is spelled out in Steve Striffler, In the Shadows of State and Capital: The United Fruit Company, Popular Struggle, and Agrarian Restructuring in Ecuador, 1900–1995 (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2002). An understudied immigrant population that has acquired an important role in Andean politics is examined in Lois J. Roberts, The Lebanese Immigrants in Ecuador: A History of Emerging Leadership (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 2000).