Intellectual inspiration for this chapter has come from a seminal essay by Alberto O. Hirschman, “Ideologies of Economic Development,” in his Latin American Issues: Essays and Comments (New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1961). Victor Bulmer-Thomas offers a comprehensive survey in The Economic History of Latin America since Independence (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1994). The crucial nineteenth-century economic lag is explored in Stephen Haber, ed., How Latin America Fell Behind: Essays on the Economic Histories of Brazil and Mexico, 1800–1914 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1997). The historical roots of liberal economic ideology are examined in Joseph L. Love and Nils Jacobson, eds., Guiding the Invisible Hand: Economic Liberalism and the State and Latin American History (New York: Praeger, 1988). For an economic history focusing on gaps between the rich and poor, see Rosemary Thorp, Progress, Poverty, and Exclusion: An Economic History of Latin America in the 20th Century (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998).

The influence of Raúl Prebisch and of the United Nation’s Economic Commission on Latin America (ECLA, now ECLAC) is recounted in Edgar J. Dosman, The Life and Times of Raúl Prebisch, 1901–1986 (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2008) and in Dosman’s edited anthology entitled Raúl Prebisch: Power, Principle, and the Ethics of Development (Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Development Bank, 2006).

Dependency analysis has spawned much literature and considerable controversy. The classic formulation remains Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Enzo Faletto, Dependency and Development in Latin America, trans. Marjory Mattingly Urquidi (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979). A strident effort to discredit the dependency approach is Robert A. Packenham, The Dependency Movement: Scholarship and Politics in Development Studies (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992).  Adopting an international perspective, Joseph L. Love presents a unique comparative study in Crafting the Third World: Theorizing Underdevelopment in Rumania and Brazil (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1996).

A critique of free-market economics can be found in Duncan Greene, Silent Revolution: The Rise and Crisis of Market Economics in Latin America (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2003). A broad policy study that questions excessive reliance on market forces is Nancy Birdsall, Carol Graham, and Richard H. Sabot, eds., Beyond Tradeoffs: Market Reform and Equitable Growth in Latin America (Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Development Bank, 1998). The effects of policies designed to cultivate lower-class political support are outlined in Rudiger Dornbusch and Sebastian Edwards, eds., The Macroeconomics of Populism in Latin America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).

Understanding of Latin America’s debt crisis and neoliberal reforms must begin with Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, Latin American Debt (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988); Robert Devlin, Debt and Crisis in Latin America: The Supply Side of the Story (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); and, perhaps most important, John Williamson (ed.), Latin American Economic Adjustment: How Much Has Happened? (Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 1990). Benefits of hindsight appear in Dani Rodrik, Has Globalization Gone Too Far? (Washington, D.C.: Institute of International Economics, 1997); Pedro-Pablo Kuczynski and John Williamson, After the Consensus: Restarting Growth and Reform in Latin America (Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 2003); and, more explicitly, in Douglas S. Massey, Magaly Sanchez R., and Jere R. Behrman (eds.), Chronicle of a Myth Foretold: The Washington Consensus in Latin America, a special issue of The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 606 (July 2006).

Scholars have paid close attention to efforts by Latin American nations to achieve regional economic integration. Such works include Victor Bulmer-Thomas, ed., Regional Integration in Latin America and the Caribbean (London: Institute of Latin American Studies, 2001); Antoni Estevadeord, et al., eds., Integrating the Americas: FTAA and Beyond (Cambridge, Mass.: David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, Harvard University, 2004); and Philippe de Lombaerde, Antoni Estevadeordal, and Kati Suominen, eds., Governing Regional Integration for Development (Aldershot, U.K.: Ashgate, 2008).

Baseline studies of the North American free trade agreement (NAFTA) are mentioned under Further Readings for Chapter 3 (Mexico).  Specialized works include Frederick Mayer, Interpreting NAFTA: The Science and Art of Political Analysis (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), a study distinguished by its theoretical sophistication; Strom Thacker, Big Business, the State and Free Trade: Constructing Coalitions in Mexico (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000); Edward J.Chambers and Peter H. Smith (eds.) NAFTA in the New Millennium (La Jolla, CA: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego; Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 2002).  Environmental concerns are presented in Carolyn Deere and Daniel Esty (eds.), Greening the Americas: NAFTA’s Lessons for Hemispheric Trade (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002); while social issues provide the focus for Kathleen Staudt and Irasema Coronado, Frontera No Más: Toward Social Justice at the U.S.–Mexican Border (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002).  Innovative treatment of U.S.-Mexican relations can be found in Robert A. Pastor, The North American Idea: A Vision of a Continental Future (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011).  Up-to-date scholarly analyses are presented in Peter H. Smith and Andrew Selee (eds.), Mexico and the United States: The Politics of Partnership (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2013).

Studies of the “common market of the south” include Riordan Roett (ed.), MERCOSUR: Regional Integration, World Markets (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1999); Helio Jaguaribe and Álvaro de Vasconcelos (eds.), The European Union, Mercosul, and the New World Order (London: Frank Cass, 2003); and Francisco Domínguez and Marcos Guedes de Oliveria (eds.), Mercosur: Between Integration and Democracy (Pieterlen, Switzerland: Peter Lang AG, 2004). Concerns about integration in general and FTAA in particular are expressed in Gordon Mace and Louis Bélanger (eds.), The Americas in Transition: The Contours of Regionalism (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1999); Victor Bulmer-Thomas (ed.), Regional Integration in Latin America and the Caribbean (London: Institute of Latin American Studies, 2001); Diana Tussie, Trade Negotiations in Latin America: Problems and Prospects (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003); and Ana Margheritis (ed.), Latin American Democracies in the New Global Economy (North-South Center Press: Miami, 2003).

Statistical data provide essential foundations for the rigorous study of economics and socio-economic development.  A brief listing of sources on the region as a whole includes:

• Behrman, Jere R. Human Resources in Latin America and the Caribbean (Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Development Bank, 1996)
• Boyer, Richard E., and Keith A. Davies. Urbanization in 19th Century Latin America: Statistics and Sources. (Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center Publications, 1973)
• Donschke, Elaine, and Doreen S. Goyer. The Handbook of National Population Censuses: Latin American and the Caribbean, North America, and Oceania (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1983)
• Euromonitor PLC. Consumer Latin America (London: Euromonitor Plc, 1996–)
• Inter-American Development Bank. Latin America in Graphs (Washington, D.C.: Inter- American Development Bank, 1991)
• International Labour Organisation. Panorama laboral. América Latina y el Caribe. (Lima: Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2001–)
• International Historical Statistics: The Americas and Australasia (Detroit, Mich.: Gale, 1983)
• Lorey, David E. United States-Mexico Border Statistics since 1900. Update (Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center Publications, 1993)
• Mitchell, B. R. International Historical Statistics: The Americas, 1750–1993, 4th ed. (London and New York: Macmillan Reference, 1998)
• Reich, Peter L. Statistical Abstract of the United States-Mexico Borderlands (Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center Publications, 1984)
• Statistical Abstract of Latin America (Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center, 1956–)
• Travis, Carole, ed. A Guide to Latin American and Caribbean Census Material (Boston: G.K. Hall, 1990)
• United Nations. Dept. of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division. HIV/AIDS Awareness and Behaviour. (New York: United Nations, 2002)
• United Nations. Economic Commission for Latin America. Boletín estadístico de América Latina (New York: United Nations, 1964–72)
• United Nations. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. Anuario estadístico de América Latina y el Caribe—Statistical Yearbook for Latin America and the Caribbean (Santiago, Chile: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, 1985–)
• United Nations. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. Observatorio demográfico / Demographic observator. (Santiago, Chile: CELADE, 2006)
• United Nations. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. Postwar Transfer of Resources Abroad by Latin America (Santiago, Chile: United Nations, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, 1992)
• United Nations. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. Economic Development Division. Economic Panorama of Latin America (Santiago, Chile: United Nations, 1985–1996); and Panorama Social de América Latina, various years.
• United Nations. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. Economic Survey of Latin America and the Caribbean. Current Conditions and Outlook (Santiago, Chile: United Nations, CEPAL, 2001).
• United Nations. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. International Trade Unit. Latin America and the Caribbean in the World Economy (Santiago, Chile: United Nations, CEPAL, 1998–)
• United States. Agency for International Development. Latin America and the Caribbean: Selected Economic and Social Data (Washington, D.C.: Agency for International Development, 1991–)
• Wilkie, James Wallace, Richard W. Wilkie, and John Marti. Measuring Land Reform: Supplement to the Statistical Abstract of Latin America (Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center Publications, 1974)
• Wilkie, Richard W. Latin American Population and Urbanization Analysis: Maps and Statistics, 1950–1982 (Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center Publications, 1984)
• World Bank, World Development Report (Washington DC and New York: World Bank/Oxford University Press, 1978-).

Online sources and reports can be found at websites of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (www.eclac.org), the Inter-American Development Bank (www.iadb.org), and the World Bank (www.worldbank.org).   In addition, individual countries publish official and unofficial reports that include national censuses, economic surveys, and studies of public health and social welfare.